Monday, October 3, 2011

Field Study

Introduction:  London is a family pet and is quite friendly.  She is a malti-poo which is a mix between a maltese and a poodle.  Dogs are instinctual animals and seem to think before they do things or react to things just as a human would.  In the article, “Dogs and Their Affections”, it reads, “dogs have very strongly-marked volition, inclination, and powers of choice.”
Methodology: I knew we were having a family party and that I needed to develop a field study.  I couldn’t quite decide on what to choose but I wanted to pick an organism from my everyday life to add a touch of normalcy to what I chose so I could gain a better appreciation for the organism.  After researching I found out that I could test whether music affected an animal’s mood.  My hypothesis is that, Music does not affect a malti-poo’s mood.  I am going to await the arrival of all of the guests and once they arrive turn the music on and watch London’s movement pattern if there is one.
Results: I knew that once the people arrived London would still roam around freely amongst the guest because this was a normal environment for her I had never paid attention however to her reaction to music.  Once there was about 20 people in the room, I observed London roaming freely as expected.  I thought that the music would not affect her either because it was just additional noise to a family friendly animal.  I would suspect it’s instinct would be to go with the flow and once it was tired to lay down as usual not because of the music.  Once I turned the music on, London still walked as if nothing changed.  I turned the music up louder and while again London’s mood didn’t change, the humans in the room, some of their moods changed which was quite interesting. 
Discussion: I was able to prove my hypothesis that the malti-poo’s mood did not change because of music but if I wanted to know if it affected all animals or not that would require a long-term field study.  Animals can be very adaptable animals especially dogs, malti-poo’s specifically due to their friendly family nature.
Conclusion: As stated in my discussion, my hypothesis was proven and for more answers in this area I could over a year’s time, study different animals and their reaction to music.  There are plenty of animals that I could study over a year to allow me to get feedback in this area but I think in order for the long term field study to be accurate I would need to study many different animals.
References:
Ouida. Dogs and Their Affections, The North American Review, Vol. 153, No. 418 (Sep., 1891), pp. 312-321. Published by: University of Northern Iowa . Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25102246
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese

Name: Maltipoo

Observation:  This is a family pet named london who is a maltipoo.  She will be used as my field study.  According to wikipedia they are a mixed breed of dogs.  It is a mix between and maltese and a poodle.  The Poodle is a breed of dog. The Standard Poodle is regarded as the second most intelligent breed of dog after the Border Collie, and before the German Shepherd Dog. The poodle breed is found officially in toy, miniature, and standard sizes, with many coat colors. Originally bred as a type of water dog, the poodle is skillful in many dog sports, including agility, obedience, tracking, and even herding. The Maltese is a small breed of dog in the toy group. It descends from dogs originating in the Central Mediterranean Area. The breed name and origins are generally understood to derive from the Mediterranean island of Malta; however, the name is sometimes described with reference to the Adriatic island of Mljet, or a defunct Sicilian town called Melita.

source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_(dog)
http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/maltipoo.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poodle

Cottage Cheese


Name: Cottage Cheese

Observation:  People enjoy cottage cheese by itself or with fruit.  I'm not a fan of it as I dislike the look and the consistency of the way it goes down.  There is a bit of bacteria in Cottage cheese because it is developed using fermented milk and that contains bacteria. Cottage cheese is a cheese curd product with a mild flavor. It is drained, but not pressed, so some whey remains and the individual curds remain loose. The curd is usually washed to remove acidity, giving sweet curd cheese. It is not aged or colored. Different styles of cottage cheese are made from milks with different fat levels and in small curd or large curd preparations (wikipedia.org, 2011).

Questions:
1. What exactly does pure milk contain?
2. How long does it take for cottage cheese to expire?
3. Does the expiration occur quicker than in other feeds because it contains some bacteria?


Scientific Research:
Stevenson, A., Peck, G., Rhynus, C.P. Studies of Reconstructed Milk, Public Health Reports (1896-1970), Vol. 35, No. 35 (Aug. 27, 1920), pp. 2011-2045.  Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4575696.
 
What exactly does pure milk contain?
Pure milk contains a variety of substances, which, for convenience in analysis and reference, are conventionally divided into three groups: fats, solids, not fat, and water (Stevenson, Peck and Rhynus, 1920).

Pokeweed


Name: Pokeweed
Kingdom:Plantae
(unranked):Angiosperms
(unranked):Eudicots


Observation:  When I saw this I immediately thought of berries.  The generic name is derived from the Greek word φυτόν (phytos), meaning "plant," and the Latin word lacca, a red dye. Pokeweed contains phytolaccatoxin and phytolaccigenin, which are poisonous to mammals. However, the berries are eaten by birds, which are not affected by the toxin because the small seeds with very hard outer shells remain intact in the digestive system and are eliminated whole (wikipedia.org, 2011).  After researching I find it quite interesting that this is poisonous to mammals but not birds. 

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokeweed

Sunday, October 2, 2011

Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)

Name: Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)

Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Aves


Observation:  immediately I thought how if a human were to be in the water on top of a stick there would be a vastly different scene.  The water the bird looked quite calm on this September morning.  I wondered if it was thinking and if it went to this spot as a quite place.  It seemed to be a peace and I thought we could possibly be disturbing it with our cameras.  I realized that although the bird can hear us maybe it's in such a peaceful mood maybe it tuned us out.  I wonder if that's possible for them to do?

Index Page- Nature Observation Blog

This is my Nature Observation Blog which is aptly entitled "The Circle of Life".  I initially thought when given the assignment of having to blog about nature that developing a name for my blog would be simple.  I quickly found out it wasn't.  I think we assume "it's just nature" so let's name it something involving, animals or plants but when I thought of those things it didn't seem to fit.  My blog won't be just about animals and it will not solely be about plants so I need something that would encompass nature and all it's components thus the creation of the name "The Circle of Life".   I also will be completing a field study which I will post and provide a link to on my blog. As I travel everyday to areas that I frequent, I had not noticed how many organisms are simply just sitting there that I haven't paid attention to before.  Are links to each organism:

BACTERIA
·         Yogurt (lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. Bulgaricus)- http://gotorganisms.blogspot.com/2011/10/yogurt-lactobacillus-delbrueckii-subsp.html

EUKARYOTA                         


FUNGI

BASIDIOMYCOTA
   AGARICOMYCETES
·         Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinula edodes)- http://gotorganisms.blogspot.com/2011/10/shiitake-mushroom-lentinula-edodes.html
·         Portabella Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)- http://gotorganisms.blogspot.com/2011/10/portabella-mushroom-agaricus-bisporus.html


ANIMALIA

CHORDATA
    ACTINOPTERYGII

·         Striped bass (Morone saxatilis) EXTRA- http://gotorganisms.blogspot.com/2011/09/striped-bass-morone-saxatilis.html

ARTHROPODA
     INSECTA

·         Bumblebee (Bombus sp.)- http://gotorganisms.blogspot.com/2011/09/bumble-bee.html
·         Stoneflies (Plecoptera sp.)- http://gotorganisms.blogspot.com/2011/09/stonefly-plecoptera.html


ARTHROPODA
ARACHNIDA

·         Spider (Araneae)- http://gotorganisms.blogspot.com/2011/10/spider.html

CHORDATA
   AMPHIBIA


CHORDATA
    REPTILIA



CHORDATA
    MAMMALIA

·         Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)- http://gotorganisms.blogspot.com/2011/09/giraffe-giraffa-camelopardalis.html
·         Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius)- http://gotorganisms.blogspot.com/2011/09/hippopotamus-hippopotamus-amphibius.html


CHORDATA
      AVES

·         White-Bellied Parrot (Pionites leucogaster) EXTRA- http://gotorganisms.blogspot.com/2011/09/white-bellied-parrotwhite-bellied.html
·         Umbrella Cockatoo, White Cockatoo (Cacatua alba) EXTRA- http://gotorganisms.blogspot.com/2011/09/umbrella-cockatoo-white-cockatoo.html
·         White-Necked Raven (Corvus albicollis) EXTRA- http://gotorganisms.blogspot.com/2011/09/white-necked-raven-corvus-albicollis.html
·         Canada Goose (Branta Canadensis) EXTRA- http://gotorganisms.blogspot.com/2011/09/canada-goose-branta-canadensis.html
·         European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) EXTRA- http://gotorganisms.blogspot.com/2011/09/eurpoean-starling-sturnus-vulgaris.html
·         Downy Woodpecker (Picoides pubescens) EXTRA- http://gotorganisms.blogspot.com/2011/09/downy-woodpecker-picoides-pubescens.html
·         Ring-billed Gull (Larus delawarensis) EXTRA- http://gotorganisms.blogspot.com/2011/09/ring-billed-gull-larus-delawarensis.html
·         Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus)- http://gotorganisms.blogspot.com/2011/10/double-crested-cormorant-phalacrocorax.html
·         Eurasian Eagle-Owl (Bubo-bubo)- http://gotorganisms.blogspot.com/2011/09/eurasian-eagle-owl-bubo-bubo.html
·         Lanner Falcon (Falco biarmicus) EXTRA- http://gotorganisms.blogspot.com/2011/09/lanner-falcon-falco-biarmicus.html
·         Barred Owl (Strix varia) EXTRA- http://gotorganisms.blogspot.com/2011/09/barred-owl-strix-varia.html
·         Harris Hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus) EXTRA- http://gotorganisms.blogspot.com/2011/09/harris-hawk-parabuteo-unicinctus.html
·         Green Winged Macaw (Ara chloropterus) EXTRA- http://gotorganisms.blogspot.com/2011/09/green-winged-macaw-ara-chloropterus.html
  PLANTAE

     PINOPHYTA
         PINOPSIDA
 
ANGIOSPERMS
       EUDICOTS
·         White Snakeroot (Ageratina altissima)- http://gotorganisms.blogspot.com/2011/09/white-snakeroot-ageratina-altissima.html
·         Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica)- http://gotorganisms.blogspot.com/2011/09/japanese-honey-suckle-lonicera-japonica.html
·         Honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos)- http://gotorganisms.blogspot.com/2011/09/honey-locust-tree-gleditsia-triacanthos.html
·         Rose of Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus)- http://gotorganisms.blogspot.com/2011/09/rose-of-sharon-hibiscus-syriacus.html 
·         Autumn Olive (Elaeagnus umbellata)-   http://gotorganisms.blogspot.com/2011/09/autumn-olive-elaeagnus-umbellata.html 
ANGIOSPERMS
     MONOCOTS

Cheddar Cheese

Name:

Observation:  My usual favorite cheese is poly-o-string cheese however on this trip to Wawa they did not have any available so I got my second favorite which is cheddar cheese.  Cheddar cheese is made using sour milk and that is what is known as a fermented milk product.  Fermented milk products also known as cultured dairy foods, cultured dairy products, or cultured milk products, are dairy foods that have been fermented with lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, and Leuconostoc. The fermentation process increases the shelf-life of the product, as well as adds to the taste and improves the digestibility of milk. There is evidence that fermented milk products have been produced since around 10,000 BC.  A range of different Lactobacilli strains has been grown in laboratories allowing for a wide range of cultured milk products with different tastes (wikipedia.org, 2011)

Question:

1. What is involved in the fermentation process to allow cheese to become edible?
2.  How much milk is produced in the world in order for it to provide as many uses as it does especially in cheese (cheese has so many variations)?
3. How long is cheese edible before it expires?

Scientific Research:
Coggins, Jay S. and Hammond, Jerome W. Component Values for Milk Used in Cheddar Cheese, Review of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 16, No. 2 (May, 1994), pp. 203-213. Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1349463
 
How much milk is produced in the world in order for it provide as many uses as it does especially in cheese (cheese has so many variations)?
 
Cheese production claims a large of the total supply of milk in the United States.  Thirty-two percent of the nation's milk supply was used in the production of cheese in 1991.  Of this, 45 percent was American-type cheese, mostly cheddar (Coggins and Hammond, 1994).
 
 

Spider


English and Scientific Name:  Spider (Araneae)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Chelicerata
Observation:  Most people think if they have a bug bite they assume it’s a mosquito bite but I’ve found that spiders can bite as well.  Spiders are air-breathing arthropods that have eight legs, and chelicerae with fangs that inject venom. They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species diversity among all other groups of organisms.  Spiders are found worldwide on every continent except for Antarctica, and have become established in nearly every habitat with the exception of air and sea colonization. As of 2008, approximately 40,000 spider species, and 109 families have been recorded by taxonomists; however, there has been confusion within the scientific community as to how all these families should be classified, as evidenced by the over 20 different classifications that have been proposed since 1900 (wikipedia.org, 2011).

Questions:
1.      What do spiders eat?
2.      Are spider bites dangerous?
3.      How do they differ from the opiliones?
Scientific Research:
Riechert, S. and Bishop, L. Prey Control by an Assemblage of Generalist Predators: Spiders in Garden Test Systems, Ecology, Vol. 71, No. 4 (Aug., 1990), pp. 1441-1450.  Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1938281.
What do spiders eat?
Spiders eat plant, flower and food.  They don’t prefer human food however.  Spiders were added to a subset of individually bagged broccoli plants that had been infested previously with known numbers of herbivorous pests.  Plant damage in bags lacking spiders averaged 93.3%, whereas damage averaged 31.8% in bags to which spiders had been added (Riechert, Bishop, 1990).
 Websites:

Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinula edodes)

English and Scientific Name:  Shiitake Mushroom (Lentinula edodes)
Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Observation:  As I began my quest for “other” organisms the difference in portabella and shiitake was interesting to me.  Although they are mushrooms and are both edible they have different scientific names.  Shiitake is an edible mushroom native to East Asia, which is cultivated and consumed in many Asian countries, as well as being dried and exported to many countries around the world. It is a feature of many Asian cuisines including Vietnamese, Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Thai. In the East, the shiitake mushroom has long been considered a delicacy as well as a medicinal mushroom (wikipedia.org, 2011).

Questions:
1.      Are there any other uses for mushrooms?
2.      Do animals use fungi for food?
3.      Is this the food for some living trees in the forrest?
Scientific Research:
Atkinson, G. Uses of Mushrooms, Mycological Bulletin. Vol. 4, No. 63/64 (Aug., 1906), pp. 255-256. Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20521100
Are there any other uses for mushrooms?
Yes.  The mushrooms are nature’s most active agents in the disposal of the forest’s waste material.  Forests that have developed without the guidance of man have been absolutely dependent upon them for their continued existence (Atkinson, 1906).
 Websites:

Portabella Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)

English and Scientific Name:  Portabella Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)

Kingdom:
Phylum:
Class:


Observation: Who would’ve known that something we use in so many meals has a scientific name.  These are the mushrooms that are used in restaurants to serve stuff mushrooms and they are really a great meal.   Agaricus bisporus is cultivated in more than 70 countries and is one of the most commonly and widely consumed mushrooms in the world (wikipedia.org, 2011).  This organism stems from fungi and while fungi may sound disgusting but after researching I found out that there’s potential medicinal value to mushrooms (wikipedia.org, 2011).  A clinical trial is scheduled to take place at the City of Hope National Medical Center due to earlier research indicating that the common mushroom can inhibit aromatase, and therefore may be able to lower estrogen levels in the human body, which might reduce breast cancer susceptibility. In 2009, a case control study of over 2000 women, correlated a large decrease of breast cancer incidence in women who consumed mushrooms. Women in the study who consumed fresh mushrooms daily, were 64% less likely to develop breast cancer, while those that combined a mushroom diet with regular green tea consumption, reduced their risk of breast cancer by nearly 90% (wikipedia.org, 2011).   
Questions:
1.      Can mushrooms be poisonous?
2.      If there are poisonous mushrooms, does cooking them rid the mushroom of poison?
3.      Can they be eaten raw?
Scientific Research:
Murrill, W. Poisonous Mushrooms, Mycologia, Vol. 2, No. 6 (Nov., 1910), pp. 255-264. Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3753292
Can mushrooms be poisonous?
Yes.  There are so many harmless and edible mushrooms that not enough attention is paid to the poisonous mushrooms (Murrill, 1910).  This is because there are so few poisonous compared to the edible form of mushrooms (Murrill, 1910).  Most of the literature centers on two pieces Amanita muscaria and Amanita phalloides which owing to their abundance, wide distribution, conspicuous appearance, and deadly qualities have been the chief causes of death from mushroom eating the world over (Murrill, 1910).
 Websites: